Reaching . . . Extending . . . Chasing. . . What? :: Essays Papers

Reaching . . . Extending . . . Chasing. . . What?This mantra plays through my head and my body like children on a hobo camp gym, swinging from youthful legs and arms, tearing new clothes, taunting, laughing, bouncing, running, ducking just out of my reach. I am conscious of some message they have to give me, exactly not yet bowed enough to hear the whispers of meaning between the shouts of proclamation. REACHI feel like Ive been reaching for some social occasion for a long time, maybe my entire life. The reach I learned as a baby has certainly kept me exploring new worlds. I consumed books as a child, never live up to until I found one more tidbit of information on the aardvark or Algeria or Aunt Sues garden. I did not care what it was, I wanted to know it. But is that IT? Is knowledge of the world what Im after?I did book reports during the summer because I thought if I could just show the instructor that I was a hard worker, I could hold onto . . . I dont know. The favore d spot in the class? The other students approval? My take in sense of self-worth? The little girl got to college and couldnt sustain it anymore. No one cared, because everyone else was reaching for IT, too. So, she had to switch races.Reaching for bodily strength was a lot more productive, the fruits (no be if they were bitter) were screamingly visible. No hiding the results of this race---success With every step I ran or weight I lifted, my body grew more rigid with tension. I was ready to risk IT, and I felt IT within my reach. Thankfully, I did not cross the finish line of this one, for I fear now what I would have found on the other side. Certainly not IT. Three years of my life spent reaching for something that only led to non-life loss of relationships, loss of health, loss of desire. The only thing I had was schoolwork. I must make up for lost time. So I began to reach for relationships not just the occasional nice conversation, but sheer(a) emersion in any opportu nity to connect with anyone. Seek them out, Heather. Get to know all those people you missed. Theres something there worth reaching for, and youre moderately far behind the others.

Essay --

There are a series of complex processes within the human body whose consequences is the wearing out of body cells and tissues and consequently their fill-in is quite ideal. Body anatomy confirms that human body is made up of numerous cells that are organized into functional parts that work to achieve versatile life processes. As the processes in the body progress, there is synthesis of new cells that replace the worn out ones. The new cells need to be a likeness or exact copies of the worn out cells with the same functional capacity and attributes. Otherwise, an abnormality occurs in the structure and physiology of the human body. In case cancerous growths sire due to abnormality in the body cells, a condition known as malignant neoplastic disease develops. Cancer basically can occur on all part of the body. The most common forms of cancer are lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, cancer of the brain and colon cancer among others.Development of colon ca ncer begins when the process of the normal replacement of cells on the colon lining is interfered with which in most cases is due to faults in the process of mucosal cell division. As a result of this, the lining cells multiply gradually (for almost 10years) forming polyps which are pre-cancerous tumors. Further growth of the polyps generates mutations that facilitate subversion of the cells making them inexplicable. If not detected early, the pre-cancerous tumors may modification course and attack other layers of the large intestine thus becoming cancerous (KEVIN, 2014).Precisely, colon cancer is a health condition in which malignant or cancerous cells develop in the tissues of the colon. Colon is actually a section of the digestive tract that helps in the absorption of waste and... ...ancer.A more than advanced form of treatment of colon cancer is the use of radiations. This can be done in combination with chemotherapy for patients with colon cancer in the terzetto stage. In t he cases where the cancer has reached the fourth stage where the cells have reached adjacent organs like the liver, some treatments can be done to reach the liver. Some of them are ablation, directing the radiation to the liver, cryotherapy and liver surgery.PROGNOSISNormally, there are higher chances of surviving if the cancer is detected prematurely. The question of certainty in survival depends on the stage at which the cancer is diagnosed. In most cases patients who have been diagnosed of colon cancer have high chances of surviving five years after the diagnosis (Network., 2012). Cancer at the first, second and third stages are essentially curable and the patients survive.

Federalist Policies :: American America History

Federalist PoliciesAfter the establishment of the constitution, the Federalist administrations faces many significant challenges when traffic with the economics of the United States ofttimes of the country was divided over issues such as how to raise money, establishing a public credit system, how to pay the field of study debt, and whether or not a national bank should be established. Leaders like Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison came to represent the ideas of the people and as these ideas became more solid, debate and opposition rose. The Federalists saw multiple ways to resolve these issues, and the resolutions established that leadership in the United States would be successful. Raising revenue for the United States was the offset economic issue the Federalists faced. This was the first gear and most important need they saw for the country. At first, James Madison proposed a small tax on imports, however, the exalted demand for money apace increase d the revenue. Also, the Tonnage Act of 1789 was passed, taxing American and unknown ships. American ships were not taxed as much as foreign ships, however. The issues of taxation and raising money also brought into play bigger issues, such as whether the United States should favor Britain or France in their economic policies, whether they should maintain taxation even at the write off of farmers, and whether the interests of northern manufacturers should be their biggest concern. The Tonnage Act was the beginning of increased revenue in the America, but a sound pecuniary discipline was far from having been created. other issue that was controversial was the establishment of a public credit system and paying the national debt. Alexander Hamilton was the main activist in this issue. He wrote several(prenominal) reports to the House of Representatives offering solutions to the problem. In his first report, he suggested that citizens who had organisation bonds should be able to turn them in for new, interest-bearing bond. He also thought that the government should make the states pay their debt to the government, which would be about $21 million. The problem with his ideas was that, in financial crisis, many farmers had sold their bonds at very low prices to speculators, and that with this plan, only the speculators would benefit, because they could good deal in all of the bonds they bought very cheaply. The citizens argued that the they should be they should be paid back for their losses.Federalist Policies American America HistoryFederalist PoliciesAfter the establishment of the constitution, the Federalist administrations faces many significant challenges when dealing with the economics of the United States much of the country was divided over issues such as how to raise money, establishing a public credit system, how to pay the national debt, and whether or not a national bank should be established. Leaders like Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferso n, and James Madison came to represent the ideas of the people and as these ideas became more solid, debate and opposition rose. The Federalists saw multiple ways to resolve these issues, and the resolutions established that leadership in the United States would be successful. Raising revenue for the United States was the first economic issue the Federalists faced. This was the first and most important need they saw for the country. At first, James Madison proposed a small tax on imports, however, the high demand for money quickly increased the taxation. Also, the Tonnage Act of 1789 was passed, taxing American and foreign ships. American ships were not taxed as much as foreign ships, however. The issues of taxation and raising money also brought into play bigger issues, such as whether the United States should favor Britain or France in their economic policies, whether they should maintain taxation even at the expense of farmers, and whether the interests of northern manufacturers should be their biggest concern. The Tonnage Act was the beginning of increased revenue in the America, but a sound fiscal discipline was far from having been created. Another issue that was controversial was the establishment of a public credit system and paying the national debt. Alexander Hamilton was the main activist in this issue. He wrote several reports to the House of Representatives offering solutions to the problem. In his first report, he suggested that citizens who had government bonds should be able to turn them in for new, interest-bearing bond. He also thought that the government should make the states pay their debt to the government, which would be about $21 million. The problem with his ideas was that, in financial crisis, many farmers had sold their bonds at very low prices to speculators, and that with this plan, only the speculators would benefit, because they could trade in all of the bonds they bought very cheaply. The citizens argued that the they should be they should be paid back for their losses.

How The Internet Got Started :: essays research papers

How The Internet Got StartedSome thirty years ago , the Rand tummy , Americas formost coldwar think tank, faced a strange straegic problem. How could the US authrietiessuccesfully communicate after a nuclear war?Postnuclear America would need a comand-and-control network, linked fromcity to city , state to state, base to base . But no matter how throughly thatnetwork was armored or protected , its switches and wiring would forever and a day bevulnerable to the impact of atomic bombs. A nuclear attack would reduce anyconceivable network to tatters. And how would the network itself be commandedand controlled ? Any rudimentary authority, any network central citadel, would bean obvious and immediate target for man enemy missle. The center of the networkwould be the very outgrowth localise to go.RAND mulled over this grim puzzle in deep military secrecy, and arrivedat a daring solution made in 1964.The principles were simple . The networkitself would be assumed to be unreliable at a ll times . It would be designedfrom the get-go to tyranscend its all times . It would be designed from theget-go to communicate its own unrreliability. All the nodes from computers inthe network would be equal in status to all opposite nodes , each node with itsown authority to grow , pass , and recieve messages. The messages would bedivided into packets, each packet seperatly addressed. Each packet would beginat some specified source node , and end at some other specified destination node. Each packet would wind its way through the network on an individualbasis.In fall 1969, the first such node was insalled in UCLA. By December 1969,there were 4 nodes on the infant network, which was named arpanet, after itsPentagon sponsor.The four computers could even be programed remotely from the other nodes.thanks to ARPANET scientists and researchers could share one anothers computerfacilities by long -distance . This was a very handy service , for computer-time was precious in the early 7 0s. In 1971 ther were fifteen nodes inArpanet by 1972, thirty-seven nodes. And it was good.As early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link toARPANET. ARPANET itself remained middling tightly controlled,at least until1983,when its military segment broke off and became MILNET. TCP/IP became morecommon,entire other networks fell into the digital embrace of the Internet,andmessily adhered. Since the packet called TCP/IP was public domain and hebasic technology was decentralized and rather anarchic by its very nature,it asdifficult to send away people from barging in linking up somewhere or other.

Lincoln :: essays research papers

Over the past few years weve seen the glamorous acquisitions and amalgamations of some of the worlds largest companies. Looking towards consolidating resources, minimizing risk and greater meet over the product from inception to merchandiseing, these mergers incorporate both vertical integration and horizontal integration. Times Warners merger with Turner broadcasting created the largest media company in the world. It owns cable distribution, cable channels, production, music publishing, book and magazine publishing, retail interests, film production and theater chains. An example of realizable problemsThe 1996 controversy over Time Warners cable provider not wanting to distribute Foxs 24 hour channel, a contest with Turners CNN. Add to this that TCI, the regions largest cable provider, is now the third largest shareholder in the corporation through its stake in Turner.These new organizations have the ability to control and upraise a product from multiple angles. However, the size doesnt tell the whole story. A greater measure of the level of competition comes in terms of market share and the barrier for new companies to enter the industry. While the current abbreviate seems to be toward both vertical and horizontal integration, there are possible reasons for the trend to reverse itself. Because of the financial risk involved with new, large-scale ventures, companies that compete in one market find themselves in partnerships elsewhere. This could cause conflicts should these competing ventures find themselves in the corresponding market. We have witnessed many mergers in recent months. Here are some mergers that might happen in the future call forths of Co. Merging New NameW.R. Grace Co., Fuller Brush Co., Mary Kay Hale Mary Fuller GraceJohn Deere & Abitibi-Price Deere AbiHoneywell, Imasco, and Home OilHoney, Im Home3M, J.C. Penney, metropolitan Opera Co3 Penney OperaGrey Poupon & Dockers PantsPoupan PantsOver the past few years weve seen the glamorou s acquisitions and mergers of some of the worlds largest companies. Looking towards consolidating resources, minimizing risk and greater control over the product from inception to marketing, these mergers incorporate both vertical integration and horizontal integration. Times Warners merger with Turner broadcasting created the largest media company in the world. It owns cable distribution, cable channels, production, music publishing, book and magazine publishing, retail interests, film production and theater chains. An example of possible problemsThe 1996 controversy over Time Warners cable provider not wanting to distribute Foxs 24 hour channel, a competitor with Turners CNN. Add to this that TCI, the countrys largest cable provider, is now the third largest shareholder in the corporation through its stake in Turner.

Lincoln :: essays research papers

Over the past a couple of(prenominal) years weve seen the glamorous acquisitions and mergers of some of the introductions largest companies. Looking towards consolidating resources, minimizing risk and greater control over the product from inception to marketing, these mergers incorporate both plumb integration and horizontal integration. Times Warners merger with Turner broadcasting created the largest media company in the world. It owns cable distribution, cable channels, production, music publishing, book and magazine publishing, retail interests, film production and theater chains. An drill of possible problemsThe 1996 controversy over Time Warners cable provider not wanting to distribute torments 24 hour channel, a competitor with Turners CNN. Add to this that TCI, the countrys largest cable provider, is now the third largest shareholder in the corporation through its stake in Turner.These new organizations have the ability to control and promote a product from multiple an gles. However, the size doesnt tell the whole story. A greater survey of the level of competition comes in terms of market share and the barrier for new companies to enter the industry. While the current trend seems to be toward both unsloped and horizontal integration, there are possible reasons for the trend to reverse itself. Because of the financial risk involved with new, large-scale ventures, companies that compete in one market sire themselves in partnerships elsewhere. This could cause conflicts should these competing ventures find themselves in the same market. We have witnessed many mergers in recent months. Here are some mergers that might happen in the futureNames of Co. Merging New NameW.R. Grace Co., Fuller Brush Co., Mary Kay Hale Mary Fuller GraceJohn Deere & Abitibi-Price Deere AbiHoneywell, Imasco, and inhabitancy OilHoney, Im Home3M, J.C. Penney, Metropolitan Opera Co3 Penney OperaGrey Poupon & Dockers PantsPoupan PantsOver the past few years weve seen the gl amorous acquisitions and mergers of some of the worlds largest companies. Looking towards consolidating resources, minimizing risk and greater control over the product from inception to marketing, these mergers incorporate both vertical integration and horizontal integration. Times Warners merger with Turner broadcasting created the largest media company in the world. It owns cable distribution, cable channels, production, music publishing, book and magazine publishing, retail interests, film production and theater chains. An example of possible problemsThe 1996 controversy over Time Warners cable provider not wanting to distribute Foxs 24 hour channel, a competitor with Turners CNN. Add to this that TCI, the countrys largest cable provider, is now the third largest shareholder in the corporation through its stake in Turner.

Accounting As A Career Essay

As the decision of where I testament attend college adjacent year quickly approached, I decided to investigate the major I pay chosen, Accounting. Because my goal is to become a Certified Public Accountant (certified public accountant), I would like to know more of what it entails. Dealing with way outs, and recording and projecting the earnings of a participation, accountants ar placed with the responsibility of keeping track of the m unityys of a business. immortal has blessed me with skills in the argonas of mathematics and organization, which caused me to look for an occupation that utilizes both. Accounting seemed a logical choice since they largely snuff it with numbers and organize their clients money. In battle array to become a CPA, one essential receive a bachelors degree and body of work for a prescribed number of hours for a excrete be firm. Covering a wide spectrum of business related specialization, accountants and those who act as scrutinizeors must be able to determine whether or not a follow is using their resources efficiently and if they are correctly recording the moneys they come in contact with. I am aware that accountants work with money and the documenting of it still would like to ascertain exactly what else the job of a CPA consists of.Since the recent downturn of the American economy and job market, I began to ponder how easy it would be to attain a job as an accountant. According to Steve French, an accountant for the Calvary Satellite Ne bothrk, it is easy to find an business relationship job, regardless of the state of the economy, because every company drives an accountant. Also, in the opinion of Richard Schweppe, Chief monetary Officer (CFO) of CorVel Corporation, the best thing about accounting is the option of on the job(p) for any flake of company an individual may find interesting. Because every business needs an accountant and many people use them for revenue enhancement preparation, those with a de gree in accounting can easily find a job after college. Furthermore, with fewer students earning accounting degrees, organizations are devoting greater resources to attracting these candidates. Having thus determined the ease and likelihood that I will be able to find an accounting job upon graduation from college, I decided to look into exactly what an accountant does, how they attain the title of CPA, and how lots money they make.While researching the job description of accountants, I discovered multipletypes of accountants, per directing jobs ranging from banking to auditing. First of all, one can become a macrocosm accountant and work for a public accounting firm. They perform a broad range of accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting activities for their clients, who may be corporations, governments, nonprofit organizations, or individuals. The majority of public accountants, however, work on taxes. With the constantly changing tax laws, many people hire accountants to prepar e and file their income taxes. They execute tasks such as preparing individual income tax returns and advising companies of the tax gains and disadvantages of certain business decisions. Tax accountants must be aware of the new tax laws and must be constantly learning and understanding all of the changes. Also, they constitute to face extremely hectic work schedules during the tax season.Debra Schill, who owns a Triple Check business, explained, During tax season (January through April), I work seven eld a week, from 6 to 18 hours per dayand evenings and weekends are dedicated to filling out clients tax returns, getting them processed and out the door. In addition to accurately filling out tax returns, tax accountants must be familiar with the types of businesses they are working for. A thorough understanding of the clients business, investment, and personal objectives is needful, as closely as a thorough understanding of the tax laws and their applications. Besides taxes, publ ic accountants likewise perform audits. First of all, an audit can be defined as examining a clients monetary statements and reporting to investors and authorities that they have been prepared and reported correctly. According to Barrons Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms, an audit is professional examination and verification of a companys accounting documents and supporting data for the purpose of rendering an opinion as to their fairness, consistency, and conformity with mainly accepted accounting principles.Although only about 15 percent of accountants actually perform them, auditing is the most widely known and the most important job of a CPA. Auditors must follow certain rules and report the facts without bias or other influences. Performing this necessary task is essential because it ensures the integrity of the financial information on which our economic system depends. As well as auditing, public accountants consult and offer advice to companies. Consulting service s provided by CPAs may range from brief discussions with clients inthe form of consultations or may involve larger initiatives such as implementation, transaction, or support services. Consulting allows accountants to move from company to company, giving them a wide array of friendship regarding the running of different companies and how to handle certain situations. Public accountants can choose to specialize in taxes, auditing, consulting, or a plethora of other opportunities.Another type of accounting that interested me was management accounting. Often referred to as industrial or private accountants, management accountants analyze and interpret the financial information corporate executives need to make sound business decisions. Although there are many different types of management accountants, the one that intrigued me the most was the internal auditor. The internal auditor conducts an independent judgment from within the organization by analyzing, criticizing, and recommendi ng improvements to internal financial practices.Allowed to work for a specific company, he still performs audits as he would if working for a public accounting firm. Being the companys in-house authority, the internal auditor may assist outside CPAs in their examination and evaluation of the companys financial statements. An internal auditor can help a company ensure that they are successfully and correctly utilizing, recording, and reporting their financial state before they are officially audited.As another alternative, an accountant can choose to work for the government. The largest employer of CPAs in the United States is the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). IRS agents examine and audit the accounting books and records of individuals, partnerships, fiduciaries, and corporations to determine their court federal tax liability. Working for the government would prove to be an exciting job if one becomes an investigative accountant. For me personally, I am not particularly interested in working for the government.When I am looking for a job in accounting, the skills I possess will determine my eligibility and appeal. close to abilities and skills are necessary in order to work in the accounting field. For example, I have found thataccounting is not just about number crunching, but is also about helping a company run efficiently. Personal soft skills are needed in order to effectively work with others. As a recommendation, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) states that accounting professionals should be able to work with others to accomplish objectivesand demonstrate an ability to work fruitfully with individuals in a diversity of roles and with varying interests. Because of the many sides of accounting, meetings are continuously attended relating to the different aspects of the business instrumental in the running of the company. Speech and intercourse skills are important to effectively inform, and firms seek strong communicators who can explain complex financial information clearly and concisely to a diverse audience. In addition, individuals must be able to deliver presentations and express information concisely and clearly, both in speech and writing.As a result of continuously changing technology, accountants, and all business employees, must be able to advance with these many changes. Accountants will always be learning as technology and laws change. Furthermore, given the fiducial nature of the work they perform, people will rely on the information they provide. Honesty and integrity are qualities which are highly valued. Because they work with money and are trusted to report the truth about a company and its financial state, I believe accountants should have a high degree of moral integrity. In addition, business sense and an awareness of events transpiring in the world are key assets when working for any company that may be affected by any shifts in the global economy.According to the Robert Half an d Accountemps 2002 Salary Guide, Companies seek professionals who can manage a broad range of accounting responsibilities, including general ledger, speak to control and financial reportingIndividuals proficient with spreadsheet applications and who possess excellent customer service skills are highly sought after. A personable attitude and familiarity of technology can enhance ones resume, as well as their odds for getting a job. When Robert Half International asked CFOs Which of the following interpersonal skills is most valued in accounting candidates today, they responded according to the chart below.An endless amount of skills and abilities are highly recommended for accountants.After learning what an accountant does and what skills are needed, I decided to research exactly how one becomes a CPA. Most of the requirements and information on becoming a CPA was provided on the website of the California Board of account statement provided me with. First of all, a CPA is a certif ied public accountant and is pass by the state. In California, to earn the prestige associated with the CPA license, individuals are required to demonstrate their knowledge and competence by passing an exam, meeting high educational standards and completing a specified amount of general accounting experience. becoming a CPA involves an approximately six year journey, including attending a college or university. Two pathways that may take to obtain the title of CPA have been created by the California Board of Accountancy. Pathway 1 is designed for those who will practice only in California. The education requirement is a bachelors degree, includingtwenty-four semester units in accounting-related subjects and twenty-four semester units in business related subjects. In addition to meeting the education requirements, one must pass the Uniform CPA Exam. Given over a two-day period twice a year, this exam consists of four parts Business Law and Professional Responsibilities Auditing Acc ounting and Reporting-Taxation, Managerial, and Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizations and Financial Accounting and Reporting-Business Enterprises. If all four parts are not passed on the first attempt, applicants may establish conditional credit by passing two sections with a grade of 75 or higher during a single sitting.Once conditional credit is established, one may take their remaining unpassed exam sections individually. Next, one must have two years of general accounting experience supervised by a licensed CPA. During this period, it is expected that one has participated in supply audits has written comments, observations and conclusions resulting from the work performed and has participated in the preparation of, and reporting on, full disclosure financial statements. I see the two years of supervised experience as a benefit to those aspiring to become CPAs. Certainly, all people who are in the process of becoming a CPA should take full advantage of this aid by learni ng all they can through real job experience.Pathway 2 is similar to Pathway 1 and is recommended for those who may neediness to practice in another state. Differences include the requirement of only one year of general accounting experience supervised by a licensed CPA in addition to 150 semester units of education. Also, conditional credit on the CPA exam is only awarded to those who pass two or more sections with a grade of 75 percent or higher and earn a minimum grade of 50 percent on the remaining unpassed sections, and is valid for third years. Although it takes a long period of time to officially become a CPA, I anticipate the challenge.This information has verified my desire to become a CPA. Consequently, I researched the salary of an accountant to see whether it provides a good income. According to the 1998-1999 Graduate Status Report of California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, the median salary of the graduates was $3083 per month and ranged from $1833 to $4333. Of the 69 students who responded to the questionnaire, 67 were employed full-timewithin a year after their graduation. The Robert Half and Accountemps 2002 Salary Guide reports that novice general, audit, tax and equal accountants working in a large company ($250 million+ in sales) can earn $33,000 to $40,750, those working in a medium company ($25 to $250 million in sales) can earn $31,250 to $37,500, and those working in a small company (up to $25 million in sales) can earn $29,500 to $35.250 a year. These are only the starting salaries for those working up to one year, but those who become managers can earn anywhere from $47,500 to $79,000 a year. Bookkeeping, an area of accounting that was of some interest to me, has relatively low salaries. Depending on the title and experience, one can earn from $24,000 to $48,500 per year. I discovered that the title that earns the most money is that of CFO or Treasurer, which can rise to $360,250.An accurate summary of the occupa tion of an accountant is that he has the task of accumulating and dispensing needed financial information. Since his activities touch upon nearly every phase of business operation and financial information is communicated in accounting terms, accounting is said to be the language of business. Anyone intending to engage in any type of business military action is well advised to learn this language. After researching what accountants actually do, I discovered that they do much more than just crunch numbers all day. The motley and diversity of jobs available caused me to contemplate about what I would like to specialize in and what type of company I would like to work for. Moreover, interpersonal skills are important and accountants have interaction with a number of associates and clients frequently.Previously, I had thought that accountants were mostly bookkeepers, but have discovered that only a small portion of them are and that they make the least amount of money out of the vari ous specializations. While there are accountants who are not CPAs, becoming one will help ensure a higher income and the prestige associated with becoming a CPA. The road to becoming a CPA is longer than I had expected, but I believe it is worth the training and experience required. Since tremendous amounts of time and effort are necessary, a strong desire to become a CPA must be present in all who seek to become one. Unquestionably, the wide base of business knowledge that one studying accounting amasses allows them to work anywhere in the business environment. Accounting is a great foundation forall business and is a great choice for anyone interested in numbers and working with people.Works CitedAccounting 1998-1999 Graduate Status Report. Cal Poly Career Services. 4 April2002 .AICPA Career Paths. 25 March 2002.AICPA Personal Competencies. 24 March 2002 .Camenson, Blythe. Careers for Perfectionists and Other Meticulous Types. VGMCareers For You Series. pelf NTC/Contemporary Publ ishing Group, Inc.,1999.Carson, A. B., Arthur E. Carlson, and Mary E. Burnet. Accounting Essentials for CareerSecretaries. 3rd ed. Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Co., 1972.French, Steve. Personal Interview. 10 April 2002.Goldberg, Jan. Great Jobs for Accounting Majors. Chicago NTC/ContemporaryPublishing Group, Inc., 1998.Licensing mother Requirements. The California Board of Accountancy.28 February 2002 .Messmer, Max. Next Generation Accountant. Robert Half International Inc.. -. Robert Half and Accountemps 2002 Salary Guide. N.p. n.p., 2001.Schweppe, Richard. Personal Interview. 24 April 2002.Weinstein, Grace W. The Bottom Line intimate Accounting Today. New York NewAmerican Library 1987.What It Takes a Guide to Becoming a CPA. CalCPA Online. 15 April 2002.

Black Death Essay

Around 1330, a horrible enkindle was reported to recession out in China. Trade between Asia and Europe currently was frequent, and in 1347 rat-infested ships from China arrived in Sicily, bringing the disease with them. Since Italy was the center of European commerce, business, and politics, this provided the perfect fortune for the disease to spread. To the Europeans, it seemed to come out of nowhere and kill everyone in its path. The bubonic harass, as it is called today, continued at 10-year intervals throughout the Middle Ages. It spread rapidly for a variety of reasons. Poor living conditions were probably the number one factor in the passing of this disease. volume believed that washing themselves would open their pores and let the disease in, so bathing was rare. This of course, as we know today, only excelled the spread of the bubonic plague.The bubonic plague had extreme effects on the demographics of Europe. The worst epidemic claimed the lives of nearly 25 million peo ple, all in under five years. It took at least two centuries for Western Europe to regain its population. Urban populations recovered quickly, in more or less cases within a couple years, through immigration from the countryside because of increased opportunities in the cities. Rural population recovered itself slowly, because peasants left their farms for the cities. This time period in which the plague spread and killed so many people was known as the Black Death.The Black Death had major(ip) effects on Europe. Wars stopped and trade slowed considerably. People were forbidden to gather in groups and religious services were suspended. Homes of infected people were sealed off to protect others from the plague. Businesses shut down their doors, having a huge conflict of the economic aspects of Europe. Many people fled to the country to get away from where they thought was the hot spot for the plague. The bubonic plague changed the political, social, economical, and religious aspect s of Europe forever and had an pertain on the way things are today.There were many consequences to the increases and declines of population and European society. People fled to the city because everyone around them way dying. So many died, in fact, that it had major effects on the population in Europe, which, in turn had effects on many aspects of society. Farmers who had provided food for people were fleeing and food was scarce. Government, trade, and commerce virtually came to a halt. No aspect of European society was not affected by the coming of the plague and by its duration.The demography of Europe in the late midway ages can be easily related to overpopulation in the modern world. Poor living conditions due to overcrowding led to the rapid spread of the bubonic plague. If a plague was ever to break out in such places like China, Africa, or any other 3rd world country, it would be devastating. In Africa there is a major epidemic or the Ebola virus. It is still running ramped throughout the country, and it is not treatable by antibiotics. Poor living conditions contribute to the deadly position of this virus, and science has no known cure. If it was to ever spread to America the impact would be great and might be similar to the consequences of the bubonic plague in the middle ages. Overpopulation and overcrowding drop dead to poor living conditions which then lead to the rapid spread of any disease that may happen to come.

Emerging Trends in Training and Development in West Bengal Essay

The progressive labor force with dynamic management and responsive government and liable society are the pillars of the tourism industry. 1 Issues and Constrains in Manpower Supply in Indian Hospitality Industry, P. Srinivas Subbarao, W. P. No. 2008-02-03 February 2008. 50 Traditionally, the duty has been seen as an field of battle that is reactive to changes in the wide business environment. There is a widely accepted assumption that the role of mountain within organizations is required to change and subdivision in response to stupefyments in marts, products and technology.Most of the large hospitality companies recognized this assumption and has started organizing work and support human resource functions such as breeding and ontogenesis. This is possible only when the external labor market permits employers to adapt these changing dimensions. homophile resource in hospitality industry Supply side 2 Some of the services required in the tourism and hotel industries are h ighly personalized, and no amount of automation can substitute for personal service providers.Human resource development in the tourism industry normally includes manpower training in two main areas, the first being the hospitality and provide heavens and the travel trade and tourism sector. 2 Issues and Constrains in Manpower Supply in Indian Hospitality Industry, P. Srinivas Subbarao, W. P. No. 2008-02-03 February 2008. 51 The hotel and catering sector is now highly personalized. Customer satisfaction is the prerequisite for a smooth and triple-crown operation in the hotel industry, requiring professionally adroit and highly ingenious personnel.harmonize to estimates of requirements for additional hotel rooms, the number of personnel who will need formal training in the hospitality and catering sector would increase by about 25 percent, from 16,000 to 20,000 people a year by 2010 end. The existing training facilities currently produce only about 5,000 to 6,000 trained personne l a year. Different types of jobs are available in the hospitality industry at different levels. The central government and the state governments consume collaborated to provide resources in order to train people in the hospitality sector as part of overall development efforts.As per the survey the requirements for trained manpower at each level of employment would focus on general management trainees, trainees in kitchen management, housekeeping management, operational trainees, front office and accounting management, chefs, butlers, captains, bakery, confectionery and another(prenominal) specialized cooking. 52 ticker management positions would be filled by people holding three year diplomas, while other jobs could be filled by craft trainees. wiliness institutes could be targeted for expansion in order to meet the needs for lower level skill areas.Working towards this objective, the Government run bring at the Institute of Hotel Management at Kolkata has increased their seat s. Human resources in Hospitality Industry demand side In India there is a tremendous shortage of trained manpower in the hospitality sector. Tourism sector on an average requires more manpower than what is available from the catering colleges. Thus there need to develop required human resource in various segment of the tourism industry, as a consequence of the rapid growth in tourism, changing technology and markets both national and world(prenominal) level.By the very nature of tourism as a service industry, its efficient administration and successful operation matter largely on the quality of manpower. In the Asian and Pacific region, the shortage of skilled manpower poses a major threat to the overall 53 development of tourism. International tourism is a relatively new phenomenon and therefore the lack of managerial capability exists at all levels of the industry. In particular, the rapid expansion of hotels of an international standard in the region is creating a high level of demand for skilled and experienced staff.The nature of the decisions facing hotel management is continually expanding. For their business to go forward competitive, managers must be skilful in many diverse areas. For instance, they must possess a good understanding of how current events and the economy affect the market and develop skill in marketing their products. They must also strive to keep up with the technological innovations in the operational side of the industry. As part of the service industry, tourism is labor intensive and generally requires well developed social and language skills in a cross cultural working environment.These demands have placed considerable strain on small, independent operators, who cannot rely on the broad management expertise available to their multinational hotel chain competitors. The availability of skilled and trained manpower is a crucial element in the successful long term development and sustainability of a tourist destination. In the 5 4 crowning(prenominal) analysis, skilled and trained human resources will ensure the delivery of efficient, high quality service to visitors, which is a direct and visible element of a successful tourism product.High standards of service are particularly important in sustaining long term growth, since success as a tourist destination is persistent not only by price competitiveness or the range of attractions available, but also by the quality of the services provided. Repeat visits, a life-sustaining factor in maintaining growth, will be deterred if standards of service do not meet expectations. 55 2. Link of instruct and Development with Human Resource. 3 genteelness and Development helps in optimizing the utilization of human resource hat further helps the employee to achieve the organizational goals as well as their individual goals. On the other hand, Training and Development helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources technica l and behavioral skills in an organization. It also helps the employees in attaining personal growth. Training and Development plays a vital role in inculcating the sense of team work, team spirit, and inter team collaborations and inculcating the zeal to learn within the employees.

Forgiveness in Personal life

clemency is a superior virtuous trait and has great pay back for the wizard who exculpates. Forgiveness is one of the moral traits recommended in the Quran Hold to pity, command what is right, and turn away from the ignorant. (Quran, 7 199). In another verse Allah commands They should rather pardon and overlook. Would you not love Allah to forgive you? Allah is Ever-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (Quran, 2422) Those who do not abide by the moral values God has commanded find it very difficult to forgive others.Because, they are advantageously angered by any error committed. God knows that forgiveness is not a very easy thing to do and sometimes it is very hard, that is why HE has declared it as a very superior deed. The repayment of a bad action is one equivalent to it. But if someone pardons and puts things right, his reward is with Allah (Quran, 4240). Even though galore(postnominal) people may say they have forgiven someone who has offended them, it nevertheless takes a long t ime to plain themselves of the hatred and anger in their hearts.Their behavior tends to betray that anger and it destroys relationships. I believe if forgiveness isnt granted from heart in good faith, its not complete forgiveness. Words are worthless if actions dont follow. Forgiveness in Workplace At the organization level forgiveness is associated with higher team spirit and satisfaction, greater social capital, trust, and caring relationships. Forgiveness does not require abandoning anger or resentment, nor does it require pardoning or dismissing the offense. It involves acknowledging and reframing negative feelings and attitudes.Forgiving organizations experience more swear alliances, productivity, quality, customer care, and a sense of calling among employees. Forgiveness is active not passive. It involves not only the cancellation of negative emotions and attitudes, but also the development of positive emotions and attitudes. Forgiveness is not very common in corporate worl d. If an employee commits a mistake, its not taken as mistake keeping in view of memoir of employees performance rather employee is being fired or demoted depending on the severity of mistake. I believe the reason of non-tolerance of the mistakes nd wish of forgiveness horti burnish in organizations is the flow of the talent that is avail suitable in the market. Organizations that are short sighted and do not consider their employees as their human capital, doesnt promote forgiveness in the workplace. Such organizations face huge employee performance issues due to lack of employee morale and employee retention issues as employees always stay insecure nearly their jobs. When managers and leaders in an organization fail to forgive employees, there is a lack of personal and team productivity that leads to aggressive behavior of employees.An organizational culture that does not promote forgiveness will be engaged in negative and destructive politics which will eventually decrease t he organizations effectiveness. Each of us can help create a greater sense of forgiveness in the culture of our organizations by (1) honestly evaluating ourselves and (2) seeking forgiveness for our mistakes. Based on my personal experience, there are two examples in one case where forgiveness was granted and the other where it wasnt.First example involves one of the recruiter in our department, who took an initiative and prepared a report that included an analysis of different resource pools & sites the company was using, the success level of each sourcing pool and how many employees were hired from that source. She sent the report to head of the HR department. HR head received her report well, but her manager was angry about her apparent lack of respect and disregard for the chain of command. Their working relationship became strained in the weeks that followed.The second involved myself, at one of my startup jobs, I was responsible for recruiting and on boarding. My job responsib ilities included recruiting, sending offer letter, informing IT about the employee date so that the new hire computer is ready on the start date. atomic number 53 time I forgot to notify the IT department about the start date. The first day of the new hire, who was a director level candidate, office wasnt ready. He had to wait for an hour before IT had to set up everything on the short notice and urgent basis.Although my manager was very angry, but he supported me and was able to see past my mistake, considered my performance to date, and recognized my potential of the person. Although I was held accountable but my manager did not hold the incident against me. In fact, manager suggested that I devise a solution to the problem so that such an occurrence would not happen again. I documented the whole onboarding procedure with all the locomote that ensured the all steps are followed properly in the future.

Strategy Management Wal Mart and K Mart

Strategic Management Assignment 8 1. Do Wal market and K grocery play any merger and science in recent 5-10 years? Merger &Acquisition Wal marketplace K marketplace Acquisition -Bempreco This fraternity has been acquiesced by Wal mart. Bempreco is a retail chain in northeastern Brazil with 118 units (hypermarkets, supermarkets and mini markets). The science gives Wal-Mart Brazil its first stores in the Northeast market. -Seiyu GK is a Japanese class ofsupermarkets, shopping centers, anddepartment storesowned byWal-Mart Stores.In 2005 Wal-Mart acquired a majority stake in the company which it has since increased to 95% ownership,and 100% ownership in 2008. -OneRiot US-Wal-Mart Stores Inc acquired OneRiot, a Boulder- based provider of online advertising services, it was on Sep 2011. -Kosmix Corp US-Wal-Mart Stores Inc acquired Kosmix Corp, a Mountain View-based provider of search engine services, it was Jun 2010. -Netto Foodstore UK Asda Group PLC, a unit of Wal-Mart Stores I ncs Wal- Mart Stores (UK) Ltd subsidiary, acquired Netto Foodstores Ltd, a West Yorkshire-based owner and operator of grocery stores, from Dansk Supermarked A/S. -Wesfarmers Wesfarmers has continued to transform the size and shape of its business operations through strategic acquisitions and divestments. Steeped in a foundation of retailing since its formation, today Wesfarmers is one of Australias leading retailers and diversified industrial companies. From the small farmers co-operative three quarters of a century ago, to the nations largest employer with al close to 200,000 employees and more than 450,000 shargonholders, Wesfarmers remains committed to providing a satisfactory return to shareholders. Merger -Massmart is aSouth Africanfirm that owns local stake such as game,Makro,Builders Warehouseand CBW. It is the third largest distributor of consumer goods in Africa, the largest retailer of general merchandise, liquor and home improvement equipment and wholesaler of basic foo ds. On Tuesday 31 May 2011 Wal Mart has been merger with company. -Wal-Mart de Mexico Is a Mexican public corporation, which is 31% owned by the American retail multinational corporation Wal Mart Store.In December 2009 In December 2009 it was announced that Wal-Mart de Mexico bought 43% of Wal-Mart Centroamerica (Central America unit) from Wal-Mart Stores Inc and 40% from other share holders. -Sears Officallly named Sears, Roebuck and Co, is an American chain ofdepartment stores. Sears merger with K Mart in early 2005, creating the Sears Holding Corporation. The new corporation announced that it would continue to operate stores under both the Sears and K Mart brans. Around this time, Kmart changed its logo from a red K with the script mart inside to a red block letter K with the chains name in lowercase letters to a lower place it. CommentRegarding this case we know that Wal-Mart has more acqusition and merger than K Mart. Wal-Mart was doing acquisition to open new market share, get more profit. But for K Mart only make acquisition with Sears. Before this acquisition K Mart almost bankrupt, not only birth advatages but also acquisition has disadvantages. They was doing level acquisition and merger 2. wherefore do Wal Mart and K Mart companies exploit such M&A ? Wal-Mart K-Mart Wal-mart wants to get the synergies. The synergies help Wal-mart exploit economies of scale, deflect duplicated functions, share managerial expertise, and raise larger amounts of capital. Wal-mart usually acquired the company related to the retail industry it is called Horizontal mergers. The reasons for these are a desire for greater market power, allowing Wal-mart to exploit new markets and spread its risks. Sears Roebuck and Co merger, there are many identified synergies created enhanced position in retail market, winning real estate strategy, specialism of stores through wealth combination of proprietary brands, strength financial position, stronger management team and sup port from controlling stockholders. CommentBoth of these companies may seek an acquisition because it believes its target to be undervalued, and thus a bargain a good investment capable of generating a high return for the parent companys shareholders. Often, such acquisitions are also motivated by the empire-building desire of the parent companys managers. 3. What is the average performance of return for those M&A? Wal-Mart K-Mart -With the acquisition, Wal-Mart Brazil will operate 143 units in the country, including 13 Wal-Mart Supercenters, 10 SAMS CLUBS, two Wal-Mart Todo Dias and the 118 Bompreco hypermarkets, supermarkets and mini markets.The acquisition gives Wal-Mart Brazil its first stores in the Northeast market. -The acquisiton give Wal-Mart and Massmart its first store in South of Africa, Botswana, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, Lesotho. -Those most optimistic look to opportunities to cut redundant administrative expenses, increase buying power and crosssell branded mercha ndise amongst Kmart and Sears. -This acquisition is proper management and planning, the acquisition will be beneficial to employees from both companies and to consumers in general. Comment Normally if the company doing acquisition and merger, they will get more profit and advantages.In to a higher place we could know that now on Wal-Mart becoming Leader in retailing industry. Wal-Mart has dominant market share in South africa and some africa contries. Compare between Wal-Mart and K Mart, Wal-Mart has better perfomance than K Mart impact of acquisition and merger. 4. Is there any report about problem after those MA? Why? Wal-Mart K-Mart -The external problems are late entry, overlook competitors, destroy small business, joint venture and nationalism, culture different, house brand and price differentiate, suppliers, and government regulations. The inborn problems which it stock-still confronts in the operation systems are unique culture and concepts, and human resource manageme nt. -In October 2009, it was reported that Kmart andMartha Stewart Living Omnimediafailed to come to a new agreement. -Kmart and Sears companies had problems with human resources. -There will be also lay-offs which SHC need to manage well. Comment As we know that the acqusition and merger has disadvantages, like we already mentions above.There are two kinds of problems consist of external and internal problems. Like Wal-Mart, K Mart also has problem such as they acqusition in October 2009 with Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia failed. Regarding acquisition and merger, some companies if they want conduct acquisition have to thinking about training of their employee. Because If they do acquisition the management will be cut or mix together in one company thats mean they have to buid up human resource performance to gain competitive advantages.

The relationship of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with its neighbouring countries and with the United States

The male monarchdom of Saudi Arabia has cordial relations with most of its neighbouring countries, curiously those that are part of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It has made significant efforts to settle disputes regarding borders and helped considerably in improving the relations with Yemen and unite Arab Emirates. Although relations with Iraq were tense afterward the capital of Kuwait invasion, they got better in 2003 when the regime was overthrown. In 2008, Prince Saud al Faisal aimed to appoint an ambassador in Iraq and initiated a diplomatic mission in Baghdad.It has been a mediator in regional crises and has supported the Palestianian-Israel negotiations. Saudia Arabias role in the Gulf War has helped it in developing new allies in 1991 and improving its existing relations. King Abdullah has played a big role in providing monetary assistance and resolved regional crises in Sudan, Lebanon and Somalia. Although the relations between Saudi Arabia and Algeria, Libya and T unisia were strained after the Kuwait invasion, now they have returned back to normal. Relations were Jordan are in addition very good.United States knowing that Saudi Arabia has the largest oil reserves and a strategical location has always tried to stregthen ties with this nation. In 1944, the United States embassy opened in Jeddah but diplomatic relations established a long way to begin with that in 1933. The embassy in Jeddah later became the Consulate General for United States. The two countries share common economic interests, concerns over sustainable development, terrorism and security. Having good relationships with these countries is important because United States is highly dependent on the oil exports of Saudi Arabia.Whereas, US is the largest trading partner for Saudia Arabia. Exports from United States also find their way into Saudi Arabia as it is the largest mart for US exports in the Middle East region. The US also provides training and support in terms of weapon s and security services to the Saudi forces. Saudi Arabia has also bought military weaponary and other equipment from the United States. The prosperity of both countries lies in building and maintaining good relationships with each other.

Plate tectonics Essay

Ever since the beginning on time, Humans believed the ground is solid and immobile. But this is not true whatsoever. The primer is every-changing and continu wholey in motion. The stableness of the Earth is not at all what we think it is. Thinking about the rotational axis of the Earth, and possibly of what the Earth may become at a certain point in time, has a great influence on chthonianstanding all aspects of living things, either in the past, present, or future. The study of nursing home tectonics is accredited to most of the creations of Mountain Ranges, the drifting of continents, earthquakes, and vol bearic activity.Plate tectonics and mountains also play a big part in the geological features of our planet or any planet for that matter. Geophysics, which studies the physics of the Earth, has led to many important findings about the Earth and how it is made. Seismologic studies of planet Earth have revealed natural information about the inside of the Earth that has helped to give new openings in infrastanding house tectonics. The Earth is made of several(prenominal) signifi plundert layers. Each peerless of these layers has its own properties. The rancour is the satellitemost layer of the Earth. The crust is made up of the oceans and continents.The crust has a fluctuating thickness, being thirty to seventy-five kilometres thick in the continents and ten to fifteen kilometres thick in the ocean basins. The crust is made up primarily of alumino-silicates (Fowler p472). The layer underneath the crust is the mantle, which is made up mainly of ferro-magnesium silicates. The mantle is approximately dickens thousand, nine hundred kilometres thick, and is separated in to the upper and lower mantle. It is in the mantle where most of the centralized heat of the Earth is located. Big convective cells in the mantle disperse heat and produce the plate tectonic processes.The core is the last layer of the Earth, which is broken down into the liquid outer cor e and the solid inner core. The inner core is about thirteen hundred kilometres thick and the outer core is about twenty-three hundred kilometers thick. A nickel-iron alloy mixture makes up the outer core, and the inner is almost all composed of iron. The Earth is separated in layers based on composition and robotic properties. The big top layer is the geosphere, which is comprised of the solid upper mantle and the crust. It is divided into plates that scat due to tectonic forces. The lithospherefloats on top of a semi-liquid layer that is called the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere allows the lithosphere to move around since it is much weaker (Tarbuck p605). Early scientist believed that one and only(a) huge supercontinent hold outed all over two hundred million years ago. The name for this supercontinent is Pangaea. Pangaea was broken in to several pieces, and distributively piece was a part of the lithosphere. They believed that the pieces of Pangaea formed the continent s that we know of in present day geology. When Pangaea existed, the rest of the Earth was covered by an ocean called Panthalassa.Eventually, Pangaea dismantle into two land masses, Laurasia to the north and Gondwanaland to the south. The conjecture of plate tectonics does in fact have an explanation for the movement of the Earths crust. The fact that Pangaea did exist could be quite plausible. Scientist also believes that as the Pacific Ocean is closing, a supercontinent may form in millions of years to come. In present day geology, we tin can consider Eurasia as a supercontinent beca engage the Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia and make a line of weightliftion and neuter where the two continents smashed in to each early(a) (Tarbuck p606).In 1620, Sir Francis Bacon wrote in his book Novan Organum and noted that the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean seemed to be parallel to one another. However, the plate tectonic theory really started to begin in 1915 when Alfred Wegener pro posed the theory of continental drift. Alfred Wegener believed that the continents bulldozed through with(predicate) crust on the ocean basins, which would explain why most of the coastlines look like they could fit together. Wegener was not the first one to realize that the continents looked like they could fit together because Magellan and other early explorers noticed this also.However, he was the first person to realize that the Earths surface has changed over time, and that continents that atomic number 18 not together now could have possibly been joined together at some point in the past (Twiss p532). Many plurality were against Wegeners theory because he did not really have an explanation for why the continents moved. During that time, geologist believed the Earth possessed these features because the planet went through periods of cooling and heating. Anti-mobilists were people that were against Wegeners theory.People who were in favor of Wegener were known as mobilists be cause they had seen proof of continental movement in the Alps (Fowler p475). In a few short years, Wegeners theory was denied. However, his theory was the first time the idea of continental movement was announced to the science community. His theory laid the run agroundation for the advancement in twenty-first century plate tectonics. Years would pass and more evidence became available to support the idea that plates were in fact in motion and changed over a period of time (Fowler p476).After the Second World War, more information was discovered which supported the theory of plate tectonics. In the sixties, a bunch of seismometers were installed to peck data on nuclear bombs, and these instruments sparked curiosity among geologists. It showed that volcanoes, earthquakes, and other features were along the Pacific Ocean and ran along the continents edges for the most part. It turned out that all of these edges became known as tectonic plates (Ke ary 2009). Further studies showed a p attern of magnetised fields in the ocean basins. The rock basalt contains a lot of magnetic minerals called magnetite.The lava forms and cools and the magnetic minerals align with the northerly Pole. This proves that the Earth has gone through several magnetic reversals this would not be possible if the lithosphere was not in motion. Since all of this has been discovered, plate tectonics has gained borrowing as the Earth processes (Kearey 2009). Plate tectonics is made up of the study the motion and change in the Earths crust. This is based on the theory that the lithosphere is divided into seven major plates and several minor plates, and they all move in accordance with each other.They also move in sexual relation to hot spots, which is where mantle material comes up. The plate tectonic theory tries to tell us that the Earths crust moves over a period of time. The crust moves in a rigid way, which explains the change that we see. The theory is based on a few beliefs. New materi al is made by the spreading of the ocean floor and eventually become part of a plate, and motion of plates occurs only at plate boundaries. Plates are rocks that pretty much float on top of the asthenosphere. The crust has two types, the oceanic and continental they both differ because of composition.The continental crust is made up of mostly granite. This brings us to the conclusion that the rocks have a lot of quartz and feldspars. However, most of the oceanic crust is made up of basalt. Basalt usually has other minerals like olivine and mafic minerals (Fowler p477). There are three types of plates, divergent, convergent, and conservative. Wide places of change are usually around plate boundaries because of the two plates colliding. We know that these boundaries exist because of their motions. wiz sort of plate is the divergent boundary. At this boundary two plates move apart.As they move apart it creates a crack in the crust and magma comes in to the ocean and cools. When the pl ates move, more and more crust is formed. Divergent boundaries are believed to be the reason for the plates moving. The formation of the new crust pushes the two plates apart, this is apparent in the mid-ocean ridge, which helps to move Europe and North America further and further apart. Mid-ocean ridges are mountains under water. They can even be as tall as mountains that are on land, this process is known as convection. Magma is pushed up by convection currents.Some magma erupts through the crust and some moves under the crust away from the ridge crest. The magma flows and helps move the plates away from each other to allow more crust to be created and to incur this is called convection cells. We know this to be sea-floor spreading. The mid-ocean ridge plays a big part in the plate tectonic theory because of the minerals uniqueness within the basalt. It contains a lot of magnetic minerals that align with the Earths magnetic field when it crystallizes. In the past, scientist has k nown the Earths magnetic field to change.When the magnetic minerals align scientist can use it to understand the crust. This plays an important role in the theory because it is first proof that plates were in fact moving and have been for almost Earths existence. We can use the magnetic information to prove that the plates are moving, and we can also determine that new crust is being formed and that the old crust was erased in a continuous process that has been going on for all of Earths past. The oldest crust ever dated is approximately one hundred million years old, which is quite recent in geologic time.This may lead you to question, where did all of the old crust go (Fowler p478). This brings me to my next discussion which is convergent boundary. A convergent boundary is when another plate overrides another plate, causing one plate to go underneath it. Most of the boundaries can be found in island systems and trenches. Most of the old crust goes in to these systems as new crust is formed at spreading centers. This explains why scientist cannot find any crust that date past the Cretaceous period. The old crust was destroyed by the process of subduction. Earthquakes are very active in subduction zones.The earthquakes occur because one plate slides under another. Although this movement is not visible, it has very strong effects on the Earth. The outer edges of the Pacific Ocean are referred to as the Ring of Fire because the subduction zones go all around the Pacific Ocean. Volcanic activity is also caused by subduction zones because when one plate goes under another it gets hotter. The reason it gets hotter is because it is blockr to the mantle. When the old crust gets close to the mantle, it melts and forms in to magma. The magma eventually runs up through the crust and forms volcanoes.One good example of a subduction zone surfacing is the Aleutian Islands off the coast of Alaska (Twiss p536). When two plates collide, subduction zones do not always occur. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust, and when they collide, they do not run over each other. Instead, they kind of share in to each other and create mountains. This type of boundary is called a collisional boundary. An example of two plates colliding is the Himalayas in India. The third type of boundary is the transform boundary. It is called this because plates are not destroyed or created, but they slide past each other.A good example of a transform boundary would be the San Andreas fault in California. In California, the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate are sliding past each other. This is why many earthquakes occur in that region. The earthquakes occur because of the strain that the two plates exert as they slide past each other (Historical perspective). The Earth changes in many ways, however there are three forces the cause change within the Earth. When these forces act, they create stress and they change the volume and shape of a material. The thr ee main types of stress are shear, compressional, and tensional.Stress puts a lot of strain on the Earth which causes the change in rocks and the Earths crust. Compressional forces may cause a rock to compress or shorten. Tensional forces may cause a rock to become longer and pull apart. Shear forces can cause rocks to strip show past each other (Historical perspective). Faults are places where rocks have been broken and have been changed. There are three big types of faults. These are strike-slip, normal, and reverse. The stresses caused by motion of the plates build up over a course of time and ultimately cause the Earths crust to break when the rocks rub past each other.Usually when a fault happens, an earthquake occurs. Every plate boundary has some characteristic of a type of fault. Normal faulting can be affiliated with crustal extension. Normal faults can usually be found at divergent boundaries. Crustal shortening can be affiliated with reverse faulting. Reverse faults can usually be found at convergent boundaries. Strike-slip faulting is affiliated with sideways movement of the crust. These faults usually form at transform boundaries (Twiss p538). Even today, we are constantly reminded that the plates are in motion.One recent catastrophe caused by plate tectonics was the earthquake that happened in Haiti. Studies suggest that the earthquake occurred due to a strike-slip fault. The Caribbean sits on its own little plate and is surrounded on three sides by the bigger North and South American plates. Scientists believe that the North and South American plates are moving wolfram at approximately two to three centimeters per year. Based on the recordings of the earthquake, the Haitian quake seems to have occurred close to the Enriquillo Fault. The Enriquillo Fault is a big strike slip fault that runs across the southern border of Haiti.Scientists presume this is the fault that most likely ruptured because it is closest to the epicenter of the rupture. Al though this was a big catastrophe for human life story on the island of Haiti, it was not really unusual given the plate tectonic activity in that area. Unfortunately for Haiti, it is one of the most poorest and underdeveloped countries in the world. Its giving medication was not really in the position to have any preparations in line for such a huge earthquake, and this caused thousands of people lost their lives (Kearey 2009).

The Krashens Input Hypothesis Education Essay

Stephen Krashen s re sap hypothesis strains to explicate how souls get lingual converse, and how this apprehension of lingual confabulation achievement applies to second lingual chat scholarly persons ( 1982, p. 20 ) . Krashen enounces the introduce hypothesis stresses delimiting first in lingual intercourse science. On discipline a second linguistic communicating, the stimulant drug hypothesis comp bes how persons squ ar up their first linguistic parley to rove how instructors should interact with learners pursuit to memorise their 2nd linguistic colloquy. Sing Krashen s foreplay hypothesis and its critics this publisher will search just to the highest degree ways to intent the input hypothesis in the schoolroom.Krashen s input hypothesis consists of four parts. The first portion distinguishes between int rung backing and signifier and learnedness and erudition ( 1982, p. 21 ) . Since linguistic communicating scholars need to pass on to wor k in society, linguistic chat scholars will assay to listen to understand import and will subsequently derive the proper signifier from guided input. Krashen develops the input hypothesis as a model advance with phases. The linguistic communication scholar, by seeking to understand the signifi raisece in a communicative vocalization, surfaces through these phases when the communicative vocalizations are ab come outwhat to a greater extent complicated than the scholar s current phase of apprehension.The 2nd portion of the input hypothesis concerns how it is that linguistic communication scholars quarter seek to understand both(prenominal)what to a greater extent in int breaking than they earn indicately learned. Krashen claims that by utilizing the instruction that exists in the universe more(prenominal) or less them, an person hatful tie in the right signifi piece of assce to a communicative vocalization. In other words, degrees of promotion in linguistic communicati on erudition clear through bit by bit deriving greater degrees of significance from the input they receive. The input ( I ) plus the figure of the degree ( ) explains the relationship between the input and the us progress of what Krashen calls extralinguistic selective information to arrive at ( ace + 1 ) ( 1982, p.22 ) .Krashen recognises that cognizing what is the suited sum of input to bring forth ( i +1 ) is hard, if non out of the question to make up is mind. This brings approximately the 3rd portion of the input hypothesis, which states, When communicating is successful, when the input is understood and at that place is adequate of it, i + 1 will be provided automatically ( 1982, p. 22 ) . While kids do non larn linguistic communication by lessons of signifier that follow what Krashen calls a contour of study or manifestation of the twenty-four hours, typically the opposite occurs in the schoolroom ( 1982, p. 22 ) . In a 2nd linguistic communication schoolr oom scene, instructors a great deal use text editions that follow a set construction. T separatelyers who must nurture a educatee s erudition of a linguistic communication are frequently compulsory to follow a construction in their schoolroom to banner any bench countersinks set for their schoolroom. In a given schoolroom, one learner might happen the family unit gourmandize determined in progress by the instructor to be excessively easy, while for another bookman the degree might be suiting for them to larn new stuff. Another pupil might h elderly fallen behind in the class stuff covered and hence has trouble in catching up with the remainder of the category.Krashen s 4th portion concerns eloquence achieved by the linguistic communication scholar after sing ruleed advance through suited ( one + 1 ) degrees. Aidss from the environment forethought an person in meter the significance in a given communicative act. The more communicating that connects to existent life state of affairss, the more likely an person will win in finally performing whatever eloquence in their pock linguistic communication.Krashen supports the input hypothesis with grounds from both first and 2nd linguistic communication science. When a kid learns a first linguistic communication, they learn from what Krashen refers to as caretaker address. When a caretaker assistants a kid in larning a first linguistic communication, they do non follow a construction as a instructor in a schoolroom scene. just this is non to propose a free-for-all in linguistic communication scholar support by the caretaker. To guarantee that a kid and grownup can pass on with one another, the grownup changes the manner they speak to the kid ( simplification of signifier, carefully choosing phrasing ) . Many caretakers would non pass on in the same manner with a kid as they would with an grownup. This does non int give the sack that how a kid and a caretaker interact in linguistic communication larn ing support does nt alter in clip. Krashen ( 1982 ) writes, Caretaker address is non exactly adjusted to the degree of each kid, but t block ups to acquire more complex as the kid progresses ( p. 22 ) . In add-on, Krashen argues that, when analyzing foremost linguistic communication support, caretakers cover subjects about what occurs in the present instead than in the hitherafter. Subjects about the present aid the scholar understand significance through the electron lens of non solely linguistic communication, but to a fault the universe around them ( Krashen, 1982, p. 23 ) .Krashen besides argues that 2nd acquisition ( SLA ) supports the input hypothesis ( 1982, p. 24 ) . SLA provides three countries of grounds for the input hypothesis in easy codifications . Krashen claims that plainly because the linguistic communication scholar is an grownup, does non intend the mark ( acquisition ) is disparate from a kid ( Krashen, 1980 ) . Second, Krashen states that ( one + 1 ) ca n be used for both FLA and SLA. For the 3rd support of the input hypothesis in SLA, the input itself is examined. Krashen believes that often like interactions in FLA with caretakers, 2nd linguistic communication scholars experience certain interactions with their instructors, with autochthonous talkers of the mark linguistic communication, and their schoolmates ( 1982, p. 24 ) .Yet another cogent evidence Krashen uses for the input hypothesis in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition is the tacit period ( p. 26 ) . This soundless period refers to token(prenominal) speech production when larning a 2nd linguistic communication. The single finally does talk after some intelligence in the linguistic communication has been acquired and the single feels comfy to talk the mark linguistic communication. But non eachone is allowed a soundless period. Krashen ( 1982 ) writes, Adults, and kids in formal linguistic communication categories, are normally non allowed a soundless perio d. They are frequently asked to bring forth really early in a 2nd linguistic communication, before they have acquired adequate syntactic competency to show their thoughts ( p. 27 ) .Finally, Krashen mentions the impact of a linguistic communication scholar s first linguistic communication on their 2nd linguistic communication. A particular(prenominal) linguistic communication characteristic ( such as sentence order ) whitethorn be different in the scholar s first linguistic communication and their mark linguistic communication. A scholar might non hold a appreciation of their mark linguistic communications characteristics, ensuing in the scholar blending regulations from the first linguistic communication to the 2nd. A scholar may confront communicating jobs with a talker of their mark linguistic communication because of regulations from the scholar s first linguistic communication that do non suit into the construction of the mark linguistic communication ( Krashen, 1982, pp. 2 8-29 ) .Krashen s input hypothesis has non kaput(p) without unfavorable judgment ( mason, 2002 ) . Criticisms of the input hypothesis include the struggle between caretaker address and extralinguistic information, and the punctuate of input and grade of end product that should be used between instructor and pupil in a 2nd linguistic communication scene. stonemason ( 2002 ) addresses the struggle between caretaker address and extralinguistic information as a affair of what must be altered for a linguistic communication scholar in order to get linguistic communication. Forming caretaker address requires a alteration in input. Leting for extralinguistic information to assistance in linguistic communication acquisition requires a alteration in environment ( pp. 2-3 ) . Mason identifies two major jobs when trusting on a alteration in input. The first concerns sociological factors ( whether trunk exists across civilizations and economic conditions and whether altering the input produc es the sort of positive consequences Krashen claims it does ) . In other words, how a caretaker interacts with a kid in one civilization for linguistic communication support may differ in another civilization. Besides, altering input ( such as a linguistic communication scholar and immanent talker interaction ) could be counterproductive ( cementing a regulation in the scholar s distributor point because of the alteration the native talker makes to pass on with the linguistic communication scholar ( Mason, 2002, p. 3 ) . The 2nd concerns extralinguistic information. Mason writes, The 2nd training, modifying the context, may take to the scholar acquiring such rich extralinguistic hints that she does non hold to trouble oneself to get the hang the linguistic communication. The learner gets by-by behaving as if they have understood the linguistic communication, whereas in fact they have read the environment ( 2002, pp. 3-4 ) .For illustration, an appriseer inquiring inquiries to a big classify of scholars with multimedia ( depicting, images, music ) , may have end product from many scholars. Some of these scholars, nevertheless, may pig-a-back their responses on other scholars in the free radical. Particularly with a big pigeonholing, the instructor may be f utilizable to place which pupils responded to the inquiry in full, which did non.Another struggle in Krashen s input hypothesis that Mason talk ofes relates to input and end product. Mason ( 2002 ) argues that Krashen places a greater accent on input and what sort of input should happen than he does on what sort of end product would happen. Too much accent on input can be counterproductive for the instructor, because the instructor can non cognize a pupil s linguistic communication ability without first leting the pupil to talk. Mason besides argues the instructor should supply some rectification to the scholar s address. Krashen ( 1982 ) states that excessively much rectification can impede event ual end product, but Mason ( 2002 ) believes that without rectification a scholar may do certain errors continuously. He writes, It is merely through the pupil s production that we can look into whether she has to the full understood the input or non, and that without this confirmation, there are a figure of mistakes, peculiarly avoidance mistakes, that are never cleared up ( Mason, 2002, p. 7 ) .For its application in the schoolroom, Krashen s input hypothesis provides some penetration into the teacher-student relationship. More frequently than non, each pupil larning a 2nd linguistic communication will hold a different degree of acquisition than another pupil in the schoolroom. Some pupils might hold an easier clip reading and composing than speech production, while other pupils might hold an easier clip speech production and bout with reading and authorship. Besides, every pupil will larn otherwise. Some pupils may profit from a parley-based course of study, while other pupi ls may profit from a course of study based on rote memorisation.Krashen s input hypothesis attempts to turn to how teachers can pass on with pupils while utilizing the environment around them to direct their direction. For illustration, a instructor could utilize assorted multimedia to implement the input to pupils. Using multimedia is one manner to work with assorted persons larning discretion. Multimedia usage, combined with teacher-talk, can let pupils considering entry to the class stuff while maintaining the pupil s involvement. idolly, nevertheless, modified input in the signifier of teacher-talk would work better(p) in a little ag convention puting. The larger the convocation the instructor must turn to, the more likely a wider hesitation in pupil acquisition. thus far within a little convocation some fluctuation will happen, which is ineluctable. Some alteration of teacher-talk would include velocity, enunciation pick, and content. These three points could be contr olled for pupil input, while erudition direct grammatical signifiers is avoided. As pupils become more comfy with this attack, the instructor can increase velocity while besides including a wider vocabulary after the vocabulary has been reinforced through multimedia attach toing a lesson.Addressing the pick of content can do the greater trouble for a instructor. Most linguistic communication text editions follow a patterned advance of breeding salutations, waies, shopping, assignments, conditions and other daily subjects. If the pupil lives in the community where they will talk the mark linguistic communication, the subjects above could turn out practical because the scholar must utilize these subjects in most societal state of affairss. For those pupils who learn their 2nd linguistic communication outside the community of their mark linguistic communication, these daily subjects may non use to Krashen s reference of the here and now rule. Teachers may so promote pupils to organ ize passel groups and conversation pattern times where they can talk the mark linguistic communication as if they were in the mark linguistic communication state. If this is the instance, the instructor should sometimes go to to supply some input to pupils so the subjects they discuss have practical, day-to-day application.Possibly the greatest trouble for the instructor would affect supplying regular lessons that attend steer pupils without overtly learning signifier. Conversation-based direction frequently takes on this manner if the school does non desire a native talker to utilize a text edition. But how does the instructor cognize how to direct pupils without some course of study, even if that course of study is an unreal patterned advance through phases of linguistic communication acquisition? A danger in taking an unreal course of study would be maintaining track, as an teacher, of the trouble of stuff presented to the pupils. Just how much reappraisal is suited? Should the teacher vary reappraisal stuff to include accommodation to rush and enunciation usage?For practicality in the schoolroom, it seems the input hypothesis works outgo for little groups or with an person. Working with an person or little group allows the teacher to look into the pupil s advancement so teacher talk can alter to suit a pupil s patterned advance through ( one + 1 ) phases. In add-on, Krashen s suggestion of the here and now rule can work non merely for the acquirer in the mark linguistic communication community, but besides through survey groups that include guided input from the teacher. As Krashen ( 1982 ) emphasiss, guided input accompanied by contextual elements from the environment ( such as usage in the mark linguistic communication community or multimedia in the schoolroom ) can steer acquirers through ( one + 1 ) phases. Though Krashen s input hypothesis does non stipulate what instructors must show their pupils at specific phases, the hypothesis can assist s teer an teacher in planing a 2nd linguistic communication class that guides pupils through the procedure of linguistic communication acquisition.( 2200 WORDS )MentionsKrashen, S. ( 1980 ) . The theoretical and practical relevancy of simple codifications in 2ndlinguistic communication acquisition . In Scarcella, R. & A Krashen, S. ( explosive detection systems. ) A Research in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, Rowley, Mass. Newbury House, 7-18Krashen, S. ( 1982 ) . Second linguistic communication acquisition theory. InA Principles and pattern in 2ndlinguistic communication acquisition and acquisitionA ( pp. 9-32 ) . New York Prentice Hall International.Krashen, S. ( 1985 ) .A The Input speculation issues and implications.A Longman, New YorkMason, T. ( 2002 ) . Critique of Krashen V The Input Hypothesis. Retrieved May 10,2010, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.timothyjpmason.com/WebPages/LangTeach/Licence/CM/OldLectures/L9_Input.htmSchuh, R. ( DK ) . The tender-heart ed linguistic communication series 2 Geting the human linguistic communication Playingthe linguistic communication game . InA Introduction to linguistic communication talk notes 5BA ( pp. 1-8 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.linguistics.ucla.edu/ muckle/schlenker/LING1-LN-5B.pdf.Part B Question 1, 2, 4How can knowledge of cognitive or learning manners of single scholars serving a schoolroom instructor be more effectual in category? ( QUESTION 1 )Every linguistic communication scholar enters the schoolroom with his or her ain alone positions, demands, and grounds for larning a peculiar linguistic communication. This requires the instructor to understand and utilize the many attacks available in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition research to turn to single acquisition manners. A instructor s cognition of larning manners can help the pupil in happening what modes work best to develop their linguistic communication accomplishments. This paper will disco urse how pedagogues can use the cognition of single acquisition manners in the schoolroom, pulling on theories presented by Robinson ( 2001 ) and larning manner penchants reviewed by Cohen ( 2003 ) .Robinson ( 2001 ) argues that single difference ( or ID ) research and the Aptitude Complex/Ability Differentiation Hypothesis, and the Fundamental Difference/Fundamental Similarity Hypothesis aid explicate how persons approach larning their mark linguistic communication ( pp. 381-382 ) . Robinson ( 2001 ) makes four chief differentiations from these theories. The first concerns a learning manner difference between an grownup and a kid. He writes, There are child-adult differences in linguistic communication acquisition grownups rely to a great extent on general problem-solving abilities and exhibit much greater fluctuation in degrees of attainment ( Robinson, 2001, p. 386 ) . Robinson claims that differences between an grownup and a kid, every bit easily as differences in aptitude, can assist explicate differences in larning manners.Sing the position of the linguistic communication scholar, Cohen ( 2003 ) discusses assorted manners of linguistic communication scholars. Cohen restores larning manners as general attacks to linguistic communication acquisition that include attacks to category direction ( audile, ocular, and tactile ) , one s manner of thought, and one s character ( 2003, pp. 279-280 ) . Cohen places larning manner penchants into two groups. The first group includes visual/auditory, abstract-intuitive, planetary, synthesising, unprompted, unfastened and extroverted ( 2003, p. 282 ) . The 2nd group includes hands-on, concrete-sequential, peculiar, analysing, brooding, gag law oriented and introverted ( 2003, p. 282 ) . Cohen goes on to province the consequence of what an single learns depends their alone learning manner penchants.So, how can a teacher benefit from the cognition of single acquisition manner penchants? Gardner ( 1983 ) identi fies eight intelligences that help place the types of scholars instructors face in the schoolroom. These intelligences expand on other larning manner theories that suggest penchants towards reading, composing or talk of the town to include inter- and intra-personal intelligences ( Gardner, 1983 ) . Gardner suggests that cognition of one s ego and the people around them provides penetration into the person. In footings of acquisition manners, inter- and intra-personal intelligences impact how a pupil interacts with schoolmates and with the instructor. association of how one s self learns successfully ( for illustration, cognizing what one s acquisition manners are ) can assist steer the scholar in footings of self-study. Knowledge of how those people around them make determinations impact societal kineticss that influence group undertakings, schoolroom treatments and even teacher entree ( for extra larning support ) .Gardner s theory of multiple intelligences besides has strong ef fects for the instructor. Teachers should seek out ways to intermix acquisition manners so that many different scholars have entree to the mark lesson. Not merely should instructors seek to integrate multimedia such as images, picture, and music to turn to ever-changing larning manners in the schoolroom, but besides take into consideration how good the pupils might manage group work versus self-study, category treatment versus talk, game-based direction versus worksheet activities. Whereas some pupils might bask group work, self-study may be more helpful for eventual trial mark consequences. On the other manus, group work may promote originative work out of some pupils while besides constructing squad cooperation that helps in the societal development of pupils.With the cognition of larning manners and the multiple intelligences found among different scholars, is how civilization influences what acquisition manners are most effectual for a peculiar group of pupils. Students who see rote memorisation as the most effectual manner to better trial mark consequences may see game-based or other group activities as a waste of clip. Even if those pupils would, in theory, benefit from group work, they might reject group work on rule depending on what signifier acquisition manners tend to take in their civilization.The consideration of differing larning manners gainsays instructors to supply pupils with more advanced ways of interaction with class stuffs. In every schoolroom, different pupils will be more receptive to a peculiar acquisition manner than another. An effectual lesson in one schoolroom may flop in another if the instructor is non sensitive to the changing acquisition manners of his or her ain pupils.( 726 WORDS )MentionsCohen, A. D. ( 2003 ) . The scholar s side of foreign linguistic communication acquisition where do manners, proposals and undertakings run into? A IRA L International Review of utilize linguistics in Language Teaching, A 41A ( 4 ) , 279 -292. Retrieved from Communication & A Mass Media Complete database.Gardner, H. ( 1983 ) .A Frames of nous The theory of multiple intelligences.A New York BasicBooks.ARobinson, P. ( 2001 ) . Individual differences, cognitive abilities, aptitude composites andlarning conditions in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition.A Second Language Research, A 17A ( 4 ) , 368-392. Retrieved from Communication & A Mass Media Complete database.To which larning schemes would you seek to expose your pupils? Why? ( QUESTION 2 )Through the survey and application of larning schemes, instructors can assist linguistic communication scholars achieve their 2nd linguistic communication ends. Though research workers differ in how they define larning schemes ( see Chamot, 2005 Seliger, 1984 Tarone, 1980b ) , research workers do hold that cognition and application of larning schemes help pupils larn their mark linguistic communication and pedagogues know how to show their course of study to the pupil. This paper will discourse which linguistic communication schemes could turn out most helpful in the schoolroom, and why those linguistic communication schemes help accomplish certain schoolroom ends.Ellis ( 1994 ) identifies a scholar s single penchants and situational factors as two primary determiners of using larning schemes ( p. 529 ) . Ellis ( 1994 ) , mentioning Tarone ( 1980b ) , farther examines three fluctuations of larning schemes. The three sorts of schemes are production, communicating, and acquisition ( Ellis, 1994, p. 530 ) . Ellis ( 1994 ) breaks down the 3rd fluctuation, larning schemes, into two parts, The former, as defined by Tarone, are concerned with the scholars efforts to get the hang new lingual and sociolinguistic information about the mark linguistic communication. The latter are concerned with the scholars efforts to go skilled hearers, talkers, and readers, or authors ( p. 530 ) .I teach 600 Korean high school pupils each hebdomad in 50-minute perio ds. Though these pupils are divided by gender, they are non divided by degree. These pupils have studied side by rote memorisation for more than 10 old ages in school. Most pupils attend private academies to better their trial tonss. There are three chief types of pupils. The first group sine qua nons to analyze English and is unfastened to using many different larning schemes to better their English. The 2nd group is non interested in English, and is receptive to merely a few acquisition schemes. The 3rd group consists of those who merely wish to better English for the national university entryway scrutiny. The 3rd group prefers larning by rote memorisation, while the 2nd group works best in group scenes. With group one any figure of schemes could assist their acquisition. These three groups classify most pupils. In every category, pupils from each group are present. So how does a instructor engage acquisition schemes that can assist fluctuation among pupils?Cohen ( 1998 ) discus ses schemes on communicating, called usage schemes. As a conversation-based linguistic communication teacher, these communication-based schemes I find most utile for my schoolroom. Cohen ( as cited in Oxford, 2003 ) notes four acquisition usage scheme types utilizing previously learned cognition, methods of practising end product, preclass readying, and end product use a when the linguistic communication has non yet been acquired ( p. 275 ) . Using a pupils anterior cognition of English proves critical in the schoolroom. As a instructor I should seek to entree my pupil s collected cognition from over 10 old ages of vocabulary memorisation. Showing a picture cartridge holder that suits the lesson and so inquiring pupils to depict what they saw in the picture helps pupils remember antecedently memorized class stuff. This method relates to Cohen s imagination ( 1987 ) . To do this scheme more effectual, I find ikon cartridge holders that do non include any speech production in E nglish or Korean. The pupils have no pick but to utilize the cognition of English learned in anterior old ages to explicate to me what they watched.Cohen s 2nd usage scheme concerns supplying the scholar with helpful agencies to practising end product. Whereas some instructors prefer to follow a course of study that covers certain grammatical constructs throughout the semester, I do non. At the beginning of each category I begin by inquiring pupils basic inquiries about school events, nutrient, or conditions. Some pupils do non talk at this clip, while others are enthusiastic. To measure the end product of the quiet pupils, I ask inquiries that require the pupils who may non cognize how to react in English to utilize organic structure gestures. Students use what Cohen ( 1987 ) refers to as directed physical response. This is frequently an effectual method because, one time pupils have performed the physical gesture, they can remember plenty to bring forth end product to explicate their response.Besides sing the usage of larning schemes with the three groups of pupils I have mentioned above, gender and age besides form which larning schemes work best in my schoolroom. Because my categories are divided by gender, the schemes I employ for male pupils differ from schemes I use with female pupils. For illustration, my female pupils tend to profit best from a mix of reading, authorship, and talking activities. The combination of different activities in reading, authorship, and talking tends to bring forth better recall later than merely utilizing talking activities. With the male pupils, nevertheless, utilizing merely talking activities tends to bring forth the best callback. tuition and composing activities with male pupils frequently cut down precedent unless some wages system is in topographic point that encourages contestation among the male pupils.In my schoolroom, larning schemes that promote pattern of communicating that reinforces bing cognition and us es competition tends to work best for male pupils. Learning schemes that pattern communicating and present new stuff ( especially when combined with multiple types of activities such as reading and composing ) work best for female pupils. Knowledge of the pupil s terminal end for linguistic communication acquisition combined with seting methods within those groups ( depending on category size or gender ) , helps advance effectual schoolroom larning schemes. ( 856 WORDS )MentionsChamot, A. U. ( 2005 ) . Language larning scheme direction current issues andresearch.A Annual Review of Applied linguistics, A 25A ( 1 ) , 112-130. Retrieved from EJS database.Cohen, A. D. ( 1987 ) .A Analyzing linguistic communication larning schemes How do we acquire the Information?In A. L. Wenden & A J. Rubin ( Eds. ) , A Learner schemes in linguistic communication learningA ( pp. 31-40 ) . Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall International.Cohen, A. D. ( 1998 ) .A Strategies in larning and utilizing a 2 nd linguistic communication. Harlow, EssexLongman.Cohen, A. D. ( 2003 ) . The scholar s side of foreign linguistic communication acquisition where do manners,schemes and undertakings run into? A IRA L International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, A 41A ( 4 ) , 279-292. Retrieved from Communication & A Mass Media Complete database.Ellis, R. ( 1994 ) . Learning schemes. InA The survey of 2nd linguistic communication acquisitionA ( pp. 529-560 ) . Oxford Oxford University Press.Oxford, R. L. ( 2003 ) . Language learning manners and schemes constructs andrelationships.A IRAL International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, A 41A ( 4 ) , 271-278. Retrieved from Communication & A Mass Media Complete database.Seliger, H. ( 1984 ) . Processing universals in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. In F. Eckman, L.Bell, & A D. Nelson ( Eds. ) .A Universals of Second Language Acquisition.A Rowley, MA Newbury House.Tarone, E. ( 1980b ) . Communication s chemes, noncitizen talk and fix in lingua franca.Language Learning, 30, 417-431.Is penury the best reply for explicating the success or failure of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition? ( QUESTION 4 )A major challenge for instructors and research workers in the survey of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition is the extent that motive plays into the learning procedure. Even more ambitious is happening how to mensurate a scholar s motive. If motive can be measured, can the findings aid instructors motivate pupils in the schoolroom? This paper will research how, and to what extent, motive influences successful or unsuccessful linguistic communication acquisition, researching the recent research in motive and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( Csizer & A Dornyei, 2005 Dornyei & A Otto, 1998 Dornyei, 2001 ) .Csizer & A Dornyei ( 2005 ) explore the relationship between motive and acquisition, and suggest methods of motive in the schoolroom utilizing a method of analy sis called structural equation mold. geomorphological equation mold, or SEM, allows research workers to measure multiple points in a individual theory. The writers province, The technique is countenance for proving expansive theories, that is, comprehensive theoretical accounts made up of complex, interconnected variables, which is precisely the instance with most factors convolute in explicating issues in L2 acquisition ( Csizer & A Dornyei, 2005, p. 19 ) . In their research, they identify two issues of learner demeanour linguistic communication pick and sum of work invested in linguistic communication survey ( p. 20 ) .Csizer and Dornyei ( 2005 ) claim that make up ones minding one s 2nd linguistic communication reflects the civilization they necessitate to link themselves to. An person s involvement in the specifics of a certain civilization and the involvement in going a member of the mark linguistic communication community, suggests that an person will be do to wor k towards larning the mark linguistic communication. Equally good as involvement, the ability to utilize the linguistic communication for a given intent ( carry throughing some want or finishing some undertaking ) promotes motive in linguistic communication acquisition ( Gardner, 2001, as cited in Csizer and Dornyei, 2005 ) . The writers assert that involvement and want fulfillment aid make what they term the Ideal L2 egotism. This Ideal L2 Self could explicate why an person who admires a peculiar civilization surveies the linguistic communication of a civilization even if the person has neer personally experienced that civilization. Their Ideal L2 Self motivates them so one twenty-four hours their involvement in the mark civilization can be realized. Csizer & A Dornyei s nomenclature differs from Gardner ( 2001 ) , who used described, integrativeness, which is similar to involvement mentioned above. Csizer and Dornyei ( 2005 ) write, Integrativeness seen as the Ideal L 2 Self can be used to explicate the motivational set-up in diverse acquisition contexts, even if they offer small or no contact with L2 talkers ( p. 30 ) .Does Csizer and Dornyei s Ideal L2 Self aid explicate success and failure in 2nd linguistic communication larning? What is non clear is when a linguistic communication scholar develops the Ideal L2 Self. Does an person, for illustration one that wants to go abroad, make a Ideal L2 Self that they invariably strive for to obtain their end of analyzing abroad? If this is the instance, how does the person remain motivated ( curiously in instances where old ages of survey are required to obtain the end ) ? How can motivation in the short-run be explained?Possibly persons who aim for intensive survey to accomplish their Ideal L2 Self have, besides involvement and want fulfillment, a felt demand to get a 2nd linguistic communication. Without a felt demand, such as short-run academic accomplishment, contractual duty, or some other sp ry demand that should be addressed, it is possible an Ideal L2 Self may neer be to the full realized. Even if an teacher tries to actuate their pupils, if the pupil does non experience a felt demand that fulfils short-run ends, it may be impossible to actuate pupils in a manner that promotes linguistic communication direction.Dornyei ( 2001 ) addresses this short-run demand ( termed external motive ) , the mentioning Self-Determination Theory ( Deci & A Ryan, 1985 Vallerand, 1997 ) , which precedes his theory of the Ideal L2 Self. He writes The theory places the assorted types of ordinances on a continuum between self-determined ( intrinsic ) and controlled ( extraneous ) signifiers of motive, depending on how internalized they are, that is, how much the ordinance has been transferred from outside to inside the person ( Dornyei, 2001, p. 47 ) .The continuum helps explicate for what grounds persons are motivated, whether these grounds involve short-run or long-run extrinsic or i ntrinsic factors ( Deci & A Ryan, 1985 Vallerand, 1997 ) .Though factors such as aptitude, larning manners and larning schemes can assist measure success and failure in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, understanding motive helps best explain where jobs might originate in both the short and long-run ends of the linguistic communication scholar. Vallerand s ( 1997 ) account of the intrinsic and extrinsic motive continuum in add-on to Csizer and Dornyei s ( 2005 ) construct of the Ideal L2 Self aid step a scholar s motive so that, by cognizing how motive impacts an person s ability to get a 2nd linguistic communication, teachers can break aid scholars through the acquisition procedure.